LED-A means 'Levenshtein Edit Distance App'. It is a web app for calculating linguistic distances with Levenshtein distance using phonetic IPA transcriptions. The following people were involved in the development of LED-A: Wilbert Heeringa (implementation), Vincent van Heuven (advice), Hans Van de Velde (project manager). LED-A is still under development. Comments are welcome and can be sent to
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Heeringa, Wilbert & Van Heuven, Vincent & Van de Velde, Hans (2023). LED-A: Levenshtein Edit Distance App [computer program]. Retrieved 30 January 2024 from https://www.led-a.org/.
LED-A is implemented as a Shiny app. Shiny was developed by RStudio. This web app uses the following R packages:
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In addition, programs implemented in Free Pascal and C are used on the backend, as well as the Praat program (in particular the 'Change gender' function).
The icons used in the main menu of this app are glyphs taken from the set of Bootstrap Glyphicons which includes over 250 glyphs from the Glyphicon Halflings set.
Gabmap offers some functionality that is not available in LED-A. Gabmap is available at gabmap.nl . A Docker version can be found here .
By uploading data files in LED-A, you give the Fryske Akademy permission to process the data files with LED-A. The data will not be used by the Fryske Akademy for any other purposes. When uploading data files in LED-A, they are temporarily stored on the Fryske Akademy server. The data will not be shared with third parties and is protected against unauthorized access and disclosure. The data files will be deleted from the server after the session is ended by the user.
This app uses cookies that are used to collect data. By using this site you agree to these cookies being set. Google Analytics is used in order to track and report website traffic. See: How Google uses data when you use our partners' sites or apps .
This app is provided 'as is' without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of fitness for a purpose, or the warranty of non-infringement. Without limiting the foregoing, the Fryske Akademy makes no warranty that: 1) the app will meet your requirements, 2) the app will be uninterrupted, timely, secure or error-free, 3) the results that may be obtained from the use of the app will be effective, accurate or reliable, 4) the quality of the app will meet your expectations, 5) any errors in the app will be corrected.
The app and its documentation could include technical or other mistakes, inaccuracies or typographical errors. The Fryske Akademy may make changes to the app or documentation made available on its web site. The app and its documentation may be out of date, and the Fryske Akademy makes no commitment to update such materials.
The Fryske Akademy assumes no responsibility for errors or ommissions in the app or documentation available from its web site.
In no event shall the Fryske Akademy be liable to you or any third parties for any special, punitive, incidental, indirect or consequential damages of any kind, or any damages whatsoever, including, without limitation, those resulting from loss of use, data or profits, whether or not the Fryske Akademy has been advised of the possibility of such damages, and on any theory of liability, arising out of or in connection with the use of this software.
The use of the app is done at your own discretion and risk and with agreement that you will be solely responsible for any damage to your computer system or loss of data that results from such activities. No advice or information, whether oral or written, obtained by you from the Fryske Akademy shall create any warranty for the software.
The disclaimer may be changed from time to time.
The Dutch word hart 'heart' is pronounced as [ærtə] in the West Flemish dialect of Oostende (in Belgium) and as [hɑʀt] in the Limburg dialect of Meerssen (in The Netherlands). With the example file the distance between the two respective realizations can be calculated in LED-A. The transcriptions were taken from the Reeks Nederlandse Dialectatlassen (see below).
The data offered here consists of IPA transcriptions of a subset of 20 Norwegian varieties out of a database that contains recordings and transcriptions of 55 Norwegian varieties. This database was compiled by Jørn Almberg and Kristian Skarbø (Department of Linguistics, University of Trondheim) in the period 1999–2002. As a basis the text of the fable ‘The North Wind and the Sun’ was used. The database is online available at a website of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology.
The Reeks Nederlandse Dialectatlassen (RND) is a series of atlasses covering the Dutch dialect area. The Dutch dialect area comprises the Netherlands, the northern part of Belgium, a smaller northwestern part of France and the German county Bentheim. The atlas was compiled by prof. E. Blancquaert and Willem Pée in the period 1925-1982. The RND contains the translations of 139 sentences in 1956 local dialects spread over this entire area. The sentences are translated and transcribed in phonetic script for each dialect. The atlas is online available at a website of Ghent University.
A selection of 360 local dialects is available at the Dutch Language Institute . For 136 local dialects transcriptions are available for a set of 166 words that were chosen from the 139 sentences. For 226 local dialects transcriptions are available for a set of 125 words. The set of 125 words is a subset of the set of 166 words. Standard Dutch and Standard German were added having transcriptions of 166 words each. The data set that we offer on this page includes a subset of 50 local dialects having transcriptions of 166 words each. Additionally, Standard Dutch (SD) is included.
This data set is another subset of the set that is hosted by the Dutch Language Institute. It contains transcriptions of 48 local dialects in the Dutch province of Fryslân and transcriptions of two local dialects in the Dutch province of Groningen in the area adjacent to the eastern border of the province of Fryslân. Per local dialect 90 words are selected. For the local dialects of Appelscha, Donkerbroek and Tjalleberd transcriptions of two different varieties are included.
This dataset contains acoustic samples of 20 words in 16 language varieties. The 20 words are: apple, daughter, earth, egg, eye, fish, foot, heart, house, year, knee, milk, name, night, nose, stone, wind, water, word, sun. These words were translated into Danish, Dutch, English, Icelandic, German, Norwegian and Swedish. The translations were entered into ttsMP3.com and pronounced by the following speakers: Mads (Danish), Naja (Danish), Lotte (Dutch), Ruben (Dutch), Nicole (Australian English), Russell (Australian English), Amy (British English), Brian (British English), Matthew (US English), Salli (US English), Hans (German), Vicki (German), Dóra (Icelandic), Karl (Icelandic), Liv (Norwegian), Astrid (Swedish). ttsMP3.com uses external services such as Amazon Polly for Standard Voices. Amazon Polly is known to use concatenative synthesis. See here for the full list of speakers.
In order to use this data set in LED-A, download the two files. After downloading unzip GermanicTTS.zip. This will result in a folder GermanicTTS.zip that contains 16 times 20 is 320 wave files. In order to process them, choose ‘Run’ in the main menu of LED-A, and subsequently choose ‘Acoustic data.’ Under ‘Upload sound files’ browse to the folder GermanicTTS and select all 320 wave files at once. The uploading may take some time. Choose as format ‘variety_item.wav’.
Upload GermanicTTS_Genders.xlsx under ‘Upload table with gender’. This is important since our data set includes both male and female speakers. When the genders of the speakers are known, the differences between the genders will automatically be eliminated by using the function Change Gender in Praat .
Finally, click on Go! The calculation of the acoustic distances among the speakers may take some time. During this process, do not close the browser.
This dataset contains translations of the fable 'The North Wind and the Sun' in 14 different languages. The English orthographic version in Wikipedia was translated into the 14 languages using Google Translate and POS-tagged using the UDPipe web app. For Frisian Frysker was used for translating the text into Frisian, and UDPipe Frysk was used for adding the POS-tags. We offer two versions of the data set. In the first version each POS-tagged text is stored as Excel file, and in the second version each POS-tagged text is saved as conllu file. In LED-A either format can be used.
In order to use these data sets in LED-A, download the two files. After downloading unzip the two files. Each file contains 14 files. In order to process them, choose ‘Run’ in the main menu of LED-A, and subsequently choose ‘POS-tag data.’ Under ‘Upload sound files’ browse to the folder EuropeanUDxlsx or EuropeanUDconllu and select all 14 files at once. Under 'Format of file names' indicate the format of the files that you uploaded. Then review the different options that you can choose. Normally the options that are chosen by default are fine.
Finally, click on Go! The calculation of the acoustic distances among the speakers may take some time. During this process, do not close the browser.
We thank wleepang for developing and making available the DesktopDeployR framework and Jordan Russell for developing and making available Inno Setup . We thank SuperShiny for explaining how to use both the DesktopDeployR framework and Inno Setup .